上海市大气总汞季节变化特征及与气象条件的关系

2008年到2010年对上海市西南部大气中总汞(TGM———Total Gaseous Mercury)的污染水平进行监测,结果表明TGM日均浓度为ND~57.23ng/m(3(7.79±3.29)ng/m)3。TGM呈现出一定的季节性变化特征,浓度最高的是秋季,然后依次是冬季、春季、夏季,平均浓度分别为(9.30±2.48)、(8.32±2.79)、(7.78±2.33)、(2.16±3.29)ng/m3。TGM浓度受东南风向影响最大,其次为西北和东北风向。在置信水平为95%的情况下,TGM浓度与日平均温度呈正相关性,而与日温差、相对湿度、日相对湿度差、风速无显著相关性。但TGM浓度分别与日均O3浓度和NO2浓度均呈显著正相关。利用HYSPLIT_4模型对TGM浓度高值与低值几天的空气气团来源轨迹进行反演,结果发现高低浓度日的气团来源略有差别,总体上看,冬季、春季和秋季受北方气团影响较大,夏季则受我国东部海域影响,具体的局部和长距离输送的贡献需要进一步研究。     

浅海跃层底质对水下声的影响研究

本文针对海底底质对水下噪声传播具有显著影响的现象,选取典型负梯度温度跃层,加载三个典型海底底质,即细砂底质、粉砂底质及黏土-粉砂底质,声波参数为固定值。试验定性分析了浅海海底底质对水下声传播的影响,仿真计算了海底底质对声传播的影响,比较分析了不同底质条件下声波的衰减差异,总结了不同底质对水下声传播影响的特点,并同行参考。     

海南五指山大气气态总汞含量变化特征

利用高时间分辨率自动测汞仪(Tekran 2537B)于2011-05~2012-05对五指山大气气态总汞(TGM)进行了连续1 a的观测.结果表明,五指山TGM含量为(1.58±0.71)ng·m-3,与全球大气汞背景值相当,表明五指山大气几乎没有受到明显的大气汞污染.TGM的月变化特征表现为2011年6~8月和2012年3~5月TGM含量较低,2011年9月~次年1月含量较高,热带季风是影响TGM月变化的主要因素.五指山TGM具有明显的日变化特征,小时均值最低值出现在09:00,峰值出现在19:00,白天TGM浓度低于晚上.日变化受汞长距离迁移和本地气象条件的共同影响.后向轨迹分析结果表明大气汞从中国大陆的长距离迁移为五指山TGM浓度升高的主要原因.     

基于BP神经网络的儿童卧室内灰尘PAEs浓度预测

在实测数据的基础上,以邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的各类影响因素为自变量,PAEs浓度为因变量,采用Back-propagation(BP)神经网络建立儿童卧室内PAEs浓度预测模型.结果表明,该模型的预测效果较理想,其中,STD比值均＞0.5,NMB均接近0,EMR均＜19％.以室内环境与儿童健康(CCHH)课题组天津地...     

Prediction of minimum ignition energy of aerosols using flame kernel modeling combined with flame front propagation theory

Flammable aerosols have created many fire and explosion hazards in the process industry, but the flammability of aerosols has not been fully understood. The minimum ignition energy has been widely used as an indicator for flammability of combustible mixtures, but the amount of experimental data on the minimum ignition energy of aerosols is very limited. In this work, the minimum ignition energy of tetralin aerosols is predicted using an integrated model. The model applies the flame front propagation theory in aerosol systems to the growth of the flame kernel, which was created during the spark discharge in the ignition process. The aerosol minimum ignition energy was defined as the minimum level of energy in the initial flame kernel to maintain the kernel temperature above the minimum ignition temperature of 1073 K specific for tetralin aerosols during the kernel growth. The minimum ignition energy obtained in the model is influenced by the fuel-air equivalence ratio and the size of the aerosol droplets. For tetralin aerosols of 40 μm diameter, E_min decreases significantly from 0.32 mJ to 4.3 × 10 e⁻³ mJ when the equivalence ratio rises from 0.57 to 1.0. For tetralin aerosols of 0.57 equivalence ratio, E_min increases from as 0.09 mJ to 0.32 mJ when the droplet diameter rises from 10 μm to 60 μm. The trends are in agreement with previous experimental observations. The method used in current work has the potential to prediction of the minimum ignition energy of aerosol.     

基于主成分分析法的危险货物运输企业安全评价

为更准确地评估危险货物运输企业安全等级以降低其运输风险,提出基于主成分分析法(PCA)的危险货物运输企业BP神经网络安全评价模型;在从人-机-物-环境-管理角度构建危险货物运输企业安全评价指标的基础上,分别利用该模型和其他3种模型对3家实例企业进行仿真评价和对比分析。结果表明,该模型的评价结果与期望值间的相对误差约为0.5%～1.2%,计算精度优于其他模型,且具有计算量小等特点。     

水平管内不同煤质煤尘爆炸火焰传播特性实验研究

为研究水平管道空间不同煤质煤尘爆炸火焰传播特性，选取褐煤、长焰煤、不粘煤、气煤4种煤尘，对爆炸火焰焰峰特性、火焰加速传播特性、火焰传播距离与持续时间展开研究。研究结果表明:褐煤在500 ms内焰峰的形状由尖锐向平滑再向钝化不断演变，长焰煤与不粘煤在375 ms时焰峰前端出现明显焰体分离现象，分析认为这与管体冷壁效应、空间尺度效应及空间氧气消耗直接相关；气煤在375 ms时焰峰出现大面积火焰碎纹，说明气煤爆炸火焰猛烈传播的持续时间相对较短，整体爆炸强度相对较弱；褐煤与长焰煤爆炸火焰存在2次间断性加速，分析认为这与管体空间受限、常温管壁散热、局部助燃氧气瞬间不足等因素有关；褐煤在爆炸后400～600 ms内火焰2次加速完全，火焰传播距离达740 mm，明显大于长焰煤、不粘煤与气煤，说明低变质褐煤爆炸火焰持续时间更长，火焰传播距离更远且传播更剧烈；虽然气煤火焰最远传播距离比长焰煤大30 mm，但由于气煤火焰在375 ms左右出现大片火焰碎纹，因此气煤整体的爆炸强度小于长焰煤。     

综合拉底、扩漏和出矿全过程的底部结构安全性颗粒流模拟技术研究

为探明自然崩落法从拉底崩落至出矿全过程中底部结构节理连续扩展过程与破坏过程规律，采用PFC2D软件，结合RocLab软件反演节理岩体参数，建立229 m×129 m的岩体扩大模型，对拉底崩落至出矿过程进行连续综合计算。研究结果表明:模拟结果及破坏现象与现场监测结果相近，建模与细观参数反演方法适用于该类岩体工程研究；裂纹扩展贯通导致岩体失稳破坏，破坏过程与裂纹扩展具有相对应的阶段特征，裂纹扩展分为崩落前稳定扩展期，崩落与聚矿槽开挖过程加速扩展期和后续持续扩展期；结构破坏分为蕴育过程，扰动失稳过程和宏观破坏过程；较大范围的宏观破坏主要在出矿阶段。该模拟方法与结果可为底部结构维护以及节理岩体长期稳定性研究提供参考。     

Flame propagation in lycopodium/air mixtures below atmospheric pressure

Industrial processes are often operated at conditions deviating from atmospheric conditions. Safety relevant parameters normally used for hazard evaluation and classification of combustible dusts are only valid within a very narrow range of pressure, temperature and gas composition. The development of dust explosions and flame propagation under reduced pressure conditions is poorly investigated. Standard laboratory equipment like the 20 l Siwek chamber does not allow investigations at very low pressures. Therefore an experimental device was developed for the investigations on flame propagation and ignition under reduced pressure conditions. Flame propagation was analysed by a video analysis system the actual flame speed was measured by optical sensors. Experiments were carried out with lycopodium at dust concentrations of 100 g/m³, 200 g/m³ and 300 g/m³. It was found that both flame shapes and flame speeds were quite different from those obtained at atmospheric pressure. Effects like buoyancy of hot gases during ignition and flame propagation are less strong than at atmospheric conditions. For the investigated dust concentrations the flame reaches speeds that are nearly an order of a magnitude higher than at ambient conditions.     

Numerical study on premixing characteristics and explosion process of starch in a vertical pipe under turbulent flow

Fire and explosion accidents are frequently caused by combustible dust, which has led to increased interest in this area of research. Although scholars have performed some research in this field, they often ignored interesting phenomena in their experiments. In this paper, we established a 2D numerical method to thoroughly investigate the particle motion and distribution before ignition. The optimal time for the corn starch dust cloud to ignite was determined in a semi-closed tube, and the characteristics of the flame propagation and temperature field were investigated after ignition inside and outside the tube. From the simulation, certain unexpected phenomena that occurred in the experiment were explained, and some suggestions were proposed for future experiments. The results from the simulation showed that 60–70 ms was the best time for the dust cloud to ignite. The local high-temperature flame clusters were caused by the agglomeration of high-temperature particles, and there were no flames near the wall of the tube due to particles gathering and attaching to the wall. Vortices formed around the nozzle, where the particle concentration was low and the flame spread slowly. During the explosion venting, particles flew out of the tube before the flame. The venting flame exhibited a “mushroom cloud” shape due to interactions with the vortex, and the flame maintained this shape as it was driven upward by the vortex.